Tamil Nadu

Capital · Chennai · a state spanning the Eastern and Western Ghats down to the Coromandel coast

Peak elevation

Rivers mapped

Protected areas

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More about Tamil Nadu

Rivers

Cauvery346.9 km

Origin: Talakaveri, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka

Mouth: Bay of Bengal, via the Kaveri delta near Poompuhar

Major dams: Mettur Dam

Subject of the long-running Cauvery water-sharing dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, adjudicated by the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.

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Kaveri69.7 km

Origin: Talakaveri, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka

Mouth: Bay of Bengal, via the Kaveri delta near Poompuhar

Major dams: Mettur Dam

Subject of the long-running Cauvery water-sharing dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, adjudicated by the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.

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Kollidam198.2 km

The principal distributary of the Kaveri in its delta, historically known as the Coleroon.

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Palar290.8 km

Origin: Nandi Hills, Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka

Mouth: Bay of Bengal, near Vayalur

Runs dry on the surface for much of the year but sustains major groundwater aquifers along its basin.

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Ponnaiyar316.9 km

Mouth: Bay of Bengal, near Cuddalore

Major dams: Sathanur Dam

Also called the South Pennar; the Sathanur Dam on it irrigates the Tiruvannamalai region.

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Thamirabarani114.5 km

Origin: Agasthyamalai Hills, Western Ghats (Tirunelveli district)

Mouth: Gulf of Mannar, Bay of Bengal

One of the few rivers in India that flows entirely within a single state and stays perennial, unlike most other Tamil Nadu rivers.

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Vaigai306.4 km

Origin: Western Ghats (Varusanadu Hills), Theni district

Mouth: Palk Strait coast, Ramanathapuram district

Major dams: Vaigai Dam

Central to Madurai's water supply; heavily utilized upstream, so it rarely carries a strong flow to the coast.

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Amaravati182.5 km

Major dams: Amaravathi Dam

A tributary of the Kaveri; the Amaravathi Dam near Udumalpet is known for its crocodile farm.

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Arani68.1 km

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Bhavani73.2 km

Major dams: Bhavanisagar Dam

A major tributary of the Kaveri rising in the Nilgiris; the Bhavanisagar Dam irrigates the Coimbatore-Erode region.

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Cheyyar338.2 km

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Gundar7.7 km

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Manimuthar31 km

Major dams: Manimuthar Dam

A tributary of the Thamirabarani; the Manimuthar Dam supports irrigation in Tirunelveli district.

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Moyar90.8 km

Flows through the Moyar Gorge along the Tamil Nadu-Karnataka border, skirting the Mudumalai and Bandipur forests.

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Nambiyar36.2 km

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Noyyal159.6 km

A tributary of the Kaveri; its stretch through Tirupur is one of India's most-cited cases of textile-effluent river pollution.

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Pambar57.1 km

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Vellar333 km

Meets the Bay of Bengal at Parangipettai (Porto Novo), home to a well-known marine biology research station.

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Adyar48.3 km

Flows through Chennai city into the Bay of Bengal; its urban stretch is heavily encroached and polluted.

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Cooum61.9 km

Flows through the heart of Chennai and is infamous as one of India's most polluted urban rivers.

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Ramsar Wetland

Point Calimere

Major wintering ground for migratory flamingos and other wetland birds on the Palk Strait coast.

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Gulf of Mannar Marine

Offshore marine biosphere reserve

Designated a Ramsar site in 2022; overlaps the Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve at the same location.

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Karikili Bird Sanctuary

Adjacent to Vedanthangal BS

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Pallikaranai Marsh

Chennai's last remaining natural wetland, buffering the city against flooding.

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Pichavaram Mangrove

One of India's largest mangrove forests, second only to the Sundarbans.

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Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

Also a WLS

One of the oldest bird sanctuaries in India, with a protection history dating back over two centuries.

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Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex

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Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary

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Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary

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Longwood Shola Reserve Forest

Shola-grassland ecosystem

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Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary

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Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary

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Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary

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Vembannur Wetland Complex

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Vellode Bird Sanctuary

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Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary

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Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary

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Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary

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Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary

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Therthangal Bird Sanctuary

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Biosphere Reserve

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere

UNESCO; offshore marine biosphere reserve

India's first Marine Biosphere Reserve, spanning 21 islands and coral reefs between Rameswaram and Tuticorin.

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Agasthyamalai Biosphere

UNESCO; spans TN & Kerala; aligned coordinates

Shared with: Kerala

Part of the Western Ghats UNESCO World Heritage Site; shared with Kerala.

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Nilgiri Biosphere

UNESCO, India's first biosphere reserve; spans Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala

Shared with: Karnataka, Kerala

India's first biosphere reserve, designated in 1986; shared with Karnataka and Kerala.

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National Park

Mudumalai NP

Tiger reserve

Flagship species: Tiger, Asian elephant

Part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve; known for its elephant and tiger populations.

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Gulf of Mannar Marine NP

Coral reefs, dugong

Flagship species: Dugong

Established 1980; protects coral reefs and seagrass beds within the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.

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Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) NP

Tiger reserve

Flagship species: Tiger

Also known as Anamalai Tiger Reserve, in the southern Western Ghats.

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Mukurthi NP

Nilgiri tahr

Flagship species: Nilgiri tahr

High-altitude shola-grassland park in the Nilgiris, known for the endangered Nilgiri tahr.

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Guindy NP

Flagship species: Blackbuck, Spotted deer

One of the few national parks located within a major city, in Chennai.

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Wildlife Sanctuary

Kalakkad Mundanthurai WLS

Tiger reserve

Flagship species: Tiger

Tiger reserve in the southern Western Ghats, spanning rainforest and dry-zone habitats.

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Sathyamangalam WLS

Tiger reserve

Flagship species: Tiger, Asian elephant

Tiger reserve forming a key wildlife corridor linking the Western and Eastern Ghats.

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Dams & reservoirs

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Mettur DamSathanur DamVaigai DamAmaravathi DamBhavanisagar DamManimuthar Dam